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Family Apocynaceae
Karanda
Carissa carandas Linn.
CHRIST'S THORN

Cu huang guo

Scientific names Common names
Arduina carandas (L.) Baill. Karanda (Tag.)
Arduina carandas (L.) K. Schum. Bengal currant (Engl.)
Capparis carandas (L.) Burm.f. Caramba (Engl.)
Carissa carandas L. Caranda (Span.)
Carissa salicina Lam. Carandas plum (Engl.)
Echites spinosus Burm. f. Christ's thorn (Engl.)
Jasminonerium carandas (L.) Kuntze  
Jasminonerium salicinum (Lam.) Kuntze  
Carissa carandas L. is an accepted name. The Plant List

Other vernacular names
BENGALI: Koromcha, Karamcha.
CHINESE: Cu huang guo, Tz'z-huang-kuo.
HINDI: Karanda, Karaunda, Karonda.
INDONESIA: Karandan, Karendang.
KANNADA: Karjige.
MALAY: Karaunda, keranda.
MALAYALAM: Karakka.
MALAYSIA: Berenda, Kerenda, Kerandang.
MARATHI: Karvand, Karvinda.
MYANMAR: Hkan ping.
PAKISTAN: Gerna, Karanda, Kakranda.
PORTUGUESE: Carandeira.
SANSKRIT: Karonda, Karmard.
TAMIL: Kalakkai, Kilaakkaai.
THAI: Nam phrom, Namdaeng, Manaao ho, Naam khee haet.
VIETNAM: Cay siro, Xiro, Siro.

Botany
Caranda is a shrub growing 2 to 3 meters high. Branches are numerous, rigid and spreading, with 2 straight, simple or forked thorns, up to 5 centimeters in length on the axils and nodes. Leaves are smooth, ovate, or oblong-ovate, 4 to 7.5 centimeters in length, 2.5 to 4 centimeters in width, rounded or notched at the base, and blunt tipped. Flowers are fragrant, white or pale rose-colored, clustered in twos or threes. Calyx-segments are very slender, pointed and hairy. Corolla tube is about 2 centimeters long, smooth, with a swollen throat and hairy lobes, the lobes being lanceolate, pointed, spreading and about half as long as the tube. Fruit is a drupe, broadly ovoid, 1.5 to 2.5 centimeters long, bluntly pointed, and blackish or reddish-purple, containing 2 to 4 small, flat seeds. Pulp is reddish-purple and sour.

Distribution
- Recently introduced into the Philippines
- In limited cultivation. especially in the College of Agriculture at Los Banos, Laguna.
- Native of India.
- Common in the Indian subcontinent, including Bangladesh.

Constituents
- Root contains a trace amount of volatile oil with an odor similar to that of Piper betle leaf, salicylic acid, and an alkaloid.
- Study has reported carisone, carindone, carinol, lignin, oderoside and 2-acetylphenol from root materials.

- Leaves have yielded triterpenes, tannins and carissic acid.
- Fruits yield a mixture of volatile principles - 2-phenyl ethanol, linalool, ß-caryophyllene, isoamyl alcohol and benzyl acetate, and a novel triterpenic alcohol (carissol).
- Study of fresh leaves isolated four pentacyclic triterpenoids (1-4) including a new constituent, carissin (3beta-hydroxy-27-E-feruloyloxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid), and two previously unreported compounds. (12)
- A methanolic extract of roots of Carissa congesta yielded a des-N-methylnoracronycine, an acridone alkaloid, carissone, carindone, lupeol besides stigmasterol, ursolic acid and its methyl ester. (22)
- Plant yielded major bioactive compounds, i.e., alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, large amounts of cardiac glycosides, triterpenoids, phenolic compounds, and tannins. Roots yield volatile principles including 2-acetyl phenol, lignan, carinol, sesquiterpenes (carissone, carindone), lupeol, β-sitosterol, 16β-hydroxybetulinic acid, α-amyrin, β-sitosterol glycoside, and des-Nmethylnoracronycine. Leaves yield triterpenoid constitutes as well as tannins. Fruits yield carisol, epimer of α-amyrin, linalool, β-caryophyllene, carissone, carissic acid, carindone, ursolic acid, carinol, ascorbic acid, lupeol, and β-sitosterol. (24)
- GC-MS analysis of methanol extract of dried fruits yielded 11 compounds: Dichloroacetic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester (1), 1-Pentatriacontanol (2), Myo-inositol, 4-c-methyl (3), Heptacosanoic acid, 1-methoxy-25-methyl heptacosan-1-ol, methyl ester (4), Methyl 13-octadecenoate (5), Z,Z-6,28-Heptatriactontadien-2-one (6), 12-Oleanen-3-yl acetate, (3-alpha) (7), 2R-acetoxymethyl-1,3,3-trimethyl-4t-(3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)-1t-cyclohexanol (8),  ß-Amyrin (9), 2,4,4-Trimethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-5a-(3-methyl-but-2-enyl)-cyclohexene (10), 2R-Acetoxymethyl-1,3,3-trimethyl-4t-(3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)-1t-cyclohexanol (11). (see study below) (27)
- Study of ethanol (E) and n-hexane (nH) extracts of leaves showed total antioxidant capacity (mg/gm: ascorbic acid equivalent) of 3.61±1.74 and 4.88±3.44, respectively. Total phenolic content (mg/gm: GAE: gallic acid equivalent) showed 8.02±2.24 and 6.11±1.34, respectively. (see study below) (28)
- Study of neutraceutical properties of the fruit yielded carbohydrate (19.32 ± 0.69 mg/100g), protein (0.185 ± 0.011μg/g), crude fiber (15.64 % ±0.64) with total phenolic content (188.75 ± 1.42 μgGAE/g) and ascorbic acid (62.93 ± 0.35 mg/100g). (29)
- Phytochemical analysis of root extract yielded steroid, tannin, saponin, coumarin, alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, diterpenes, phytosterol, phenols. (34)
- Nutrient analysis of fruit yielded moisture 82.3 ±17.6%, crude protein 11.77 ±0.93 (mg g-1), total sugar 29.00 ±0.20 (mg g-1), total lipid 0.029 ±0.001 (mg g-1). Of 23 fruits studied, Carissa caranda showed the lowest sugar content. (38)
- Nutritive value of Karonda fruits per 100 grams of edible portion: energy 364 kcal, moisture 18 gm, protein 2 gm, fat 10 g, mineral 3 gm, fiber 0, carbohydrates 67 gm, calcium 160 mg, phosphorus 60 mg, iron 39 mg, (USDA National Nutrient Data Base) (41)
- Phytochemical screening of methanol extract of leaves yielded alkaloids, steroids, flavanoids, tannins, saponins, and reducing sugars. (see study below) (43)

Properties
- Root considered a bitter stomachic.
- Unripe fruit considered astringent, antidiarrheal, aphrodisiac, thermogenic, appetizer, anthelmintic; the ripe fruit, cooling, acid, and antiscorbutic.
- Studies have shown antioxidant, antibacterial, anticonvulsant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, hypotensive, spasmolytic, gut-stimulatory, anthelmintic, anti-ulcer properties.

Parts used
Roots, fruits and leaves.

Uses

Culinary / Nutrition
- Green fruit makes a good pickle;The ripe fruit may be eaten raw.
- Fruit is a rich source of iron, with a fair amount of vitamin C.
- Mature fruit, high in pectin, is useful for making jellies, jams, squash, syrup and chutney.
-The fruit makes an excellent acid jelly for serving with fish and meats.
Folkloric
- Root used as plaster in the Konkan to keep off flies.
- A concoction pounded with horse wine, lime juice and camphor, used as a remedy for itches.
- In Cuttack, decoction of leaves used at the commencement of remittent fevers.
- In Punjab and Cashmere, leaves used in diarrhea, earache, soreness of the mouth and throat, and syphilitic pains.
- In India, root paste used for diabetic ulcers. Used for acidity, flatulence, poor digestion. Juice of fresh plant used for wounds that refuse to heal. Used for scabies, intestinal worms, pruritus, biliousness.
- In Ayurveda, stem bark used for obstinate skin diseases; the root for urinary disorders.
- In Bangladesh, plant parts used for treatment of epilepsy, malaria, fever, dysentery, and diabetes.
- Unripe fruit used as astringent; ripe fruit useful for bilious complaints.
- Ripe fruit also used as antiscorbutic.
- Reported to be an anaphrodisiac, reducing women's libido.
- In Tamil Nadu, leaf juice in honey taken three time a day to relieve cough by helping liquefy the sputum to facilitate expectoration. (42)
Others
- Silkworm: Leaves feed the tussar silkworm.
- Wood: Used for making household utensils.
- Repellent: Paste of pounded roots used as insect repellent.


Studies
Anticonvulsant / Roots:
Study in mice showed the ethanol extract of roots of Carissa carandas exhibited anticonvulsant effects. The data suggest the anticonvulsant effect may be due to non-specific mechanisms since there was reduction of duration of seizures produced by maximal electroshock as well as delayed the latency of seizures produced by pentylenetetrazole and picrotoxin. (3)
Hepatoprotective / Antioxidant / Roots: Study on the ethanol extract of roots of C carandas showed significant dose-dependent hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 and paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity. Data also showed strong antioxidant activity. (4)
Antioxidant / Fruit: Eight fractions from methanolic and chloroform extracts all showed very strong antioxidant activity. Mixture of compounds in the chloroform and methanolic extracts showed better antioxidant activity than the isolated fractions. Results suggest that the synergistic effects of the constituents in the choloroform extracts of the unripe fruits showed the best antioxidant activity. (•) Study for methanolic extract of fruits for antioxidant activity using DPPH radicals showed an IC50 value of 27.45 ±0.43 µg/ml. Total phenolic content was 188.75 ± 1.42 µgGAE/g and ascorbic acid 62.93 ±0.35 mg/100 g. (39)
Anticancer / Leaves and Fruits: Study of plant extracts was done on human ovarian carcinoma, Caov-3 and lung cancer cells, NCI. Chloroform extract from leaves showed good anticancer activity against Caov-3 with EC50 value of 7.702 µg/ml while the n-hexane extract of the unripe fruit showed remarkable activity against the lung cancer cell line with EC50 value of 2.942 µg/ml on methylene blue assay (MBA). (5)
Lignans / Carandoside : Study of the stems of C. carandas yielded two new compounds, carandoside and a glucopyranosylr-resinol, together with three known lignans. Study also evaluated their DPPH radical scavenging activities. (6)
Analgesic / Anti-Inflammatory / Antipyretic / Roots: Study of the ethanol and aqueous extracts from roots of P. daemia and C. carandas showed significant analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities in rodent models, using hot plate, acetic acid-induced writhing methods, and carrageenan induced paw edema assay, respectively. (7)
Fruit Constituents: Study of volatile flavor constituents of karanda fruits growing in Cuba yielded 150 compounds in the aroma concentrate, the major constituents were isoamyl alcohol, isobutanol and beta-caryophyllene. (11)
Antidiabetic: Study showed a methanol extract and its ethyl acetate soluble fraction significantly lowered the elevated blood glucose levels by 48% and 64.5% respectively, at dose levels of 400 mg/kg. The increased antidiabetic potential of the EAF over the ME was attributed to its partial purification with increase degree of polymerization and segregation of secondary metabolites. (13)
Anti-Inflammatory / Analgesic / Fruits: Study of ethanolic extract of Cc fruits resulted in inhibition of stretching episodes and 16.05% inhibition in acetic acid induced writhing. (14)
Anti-Hyperlipidemic / Leaves: Study of aqueous extract of Cc leaves in egg yolk-induced hyperlipidemic rats showed a significant reduction in body weight, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and LDL , with reduction in histopathologic changes in hyperlipidemic rats. Activity of ethanol and water extract of C. carandas was comparable to atorvastatin. (15)
Acute Hypotensive Activity: Study evaluated the effect of Carissa carandas extract on cardiovascular function of normal rats. An ethanol extract showed potent acute hypotensive effect in normal rats. It stimulated the muscarinic receptors on the endothelial cells of the vasculature which causes a release of endothelial-derived relaxing factors (EDRFs) or nitric oxide that diffuses to the vasculature and causes smooth muscle relaxation. (19)
Hypoglycemic / Antihyperglycemic: Study evaluated an aqueous extract of leaves of C. carandas on alloxan induced and normoglycemic Wistar rats. Results showed both significant hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effects in Wistar rats. (20)
Antidiabetic Potential / Unripe Fruit Extract: Study showed increased antidiabetic potential of an ethyl acetate fraction over a methanol extract attributed to its partial purification achieved by fractionation resulting in increased degree of polymerization and segregation of secondary metabolites. (21)
Spasmolytic and Gut-Stimulatory / Dual Effectiveness in Constipation and Diarrhea: Study demonstrated dual effectiveness of a crude extract of C. carandas: a gut-stimulatory effect mediated primarily through the activation of muscarinic and histaminergic receptors and a spasmolytic effect was mediated possibly through a Ca++ antagonist pathway. (25)
Antibacterial / Leaves: Study evaluated various extracts of Carissa caranda leaves for antibacterial properties against selected pathogenic microorganisms such as P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. coli. Methanolic, EA, and ethanolic extracts showed an average inhibitory zone diameter of 23.5, 22.0, and 21.5 mm, respectively. The methanolic extracts showed best result with inhibition greater than antibiotic tetracycline (17.0 mm). (26)

Anti-Inflammatory / Dried Fruits: Study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of dried fruit methanol extract on carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in rats. ME given orally exhibited significant activity (p≤0.05) when compared to control. (see constituents above) (27)
Antioxidant / Cytotoxicity / Leaves: Study evaluated the phytochemical compounds, antioxidant and cytotoxic potentials of ethanolic and n-hexane extracts of leaves of C. carandas. Results showed significant antioxidant capacities compared to ascorbic acid in DPPH free radical scavenging with IC50 of 1.292 µg/ml and 1.8224 g/ml with ethanolic and n-hexane extracts, respectively. Cytotoxic activities were comparable to vincristine sulfate with IC50 of 2.818 and 1.995 ethanolic and n-hexane, respectively. (see constituents above) (28)
Anthelmintic / Fruit: Study evaluated the in-vitro anthelmintic activity of various extracts of unripe fruits of C. carandas using Indian earthworm Pheretima posthuma. Results showed anthelmintic activity in measures of time of paralysis and time of death of worm. (30)
Effect of Fruit Ripening on Phytonutrients and Antioxidant Properties: Study evaluated the effect on fruit ripening on phytonutrients, viz., soluble proteins, total soluble sugars, antioxidants (phenols, ascorbic acid, lycopene) and antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP, and NO scavenging activity) in fruits of Cordia myxa and Carissa carandas at five ripening stages. Results showed decrease in soluble proteins, total phenol contents, DPPH radical scavenging and NO scavenging activities, while total soluble sugars, ascorbic acid content and ferric reducing activity increased with maturity of the fruit. There was significant increase in antioxidant lycopene in the fully ripened red Carissa fruit. (31)
Acute, Subacute, and Subchronic Toxicological Studies / Leaves: Study evaluated the toxicological effects of various extracts of C. carandas leaves in rats. The extracts were found very safe in acute treatment even at high dose of 5000 mg/kg. Histopathological studies after subchronic toxicity doses of 1750 mg/kg/po and 5000 mg/kg/pi showed no toxic organ effects on the liver, heart, kidney and spleen. Chronic toxicity study at dose of 5000 mg/kg/po showed some histological changes. (32)
Anti-Inflammatory / Leaves: Study evaluated two defatted successive solvent extracts of C. carandas leaves for acute anti-inflammatory potential by carrageenan induced hind paw edema assay in Wistar albino rats. Results showed significant anti-inflammatory activity, with the ME showing a bit more activity than the EA extract. (33)
Anti-Ulcer / Roots: Study evaluated various extracts of roots in various models of gastric ulcer, viz, acetic acid induced chronic gastric ulcer, pylorus ligation and ethanol induced acute gastric ulcer, in albino rats.
All extracts showed significant antiulcer activity in the chronic and acute gastric ulcer model; the alcoholic extract showed comparably more potency. (35)
Antibacterial / Roots: Study evaluated crude extracts from different parts (roots, stems, leaves) of C. carandas for antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Bacilus subtilis and A. tumifaciens were the most susceptible organisms. Leaf and stem crude extracts showed best activity against Bacillus subtilis. All the tested crude extracts showed potent antibacterial activity. (36)
Hepatoprotective / Leaves: Study evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of methanol extract of leaves of Carissa carandas against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Results showed significant hepatoprotective activity. The liver section of extract-treated animals clearly showed normal hepatic cells and compared with the Silymarin-treated group of animals. (37)
Organoleptic Effect / Blending with Papaya Juice: Study evaluated the blending of karonda juice with guava, papaya, and pineapple juices in different proportions. The blend of 25% karonda juice + pineapple juice recorded the highest acceptability score with highest total sugars (10.35%), reducing sugars (6.96%) and organoleptic score ( 7.42) followed by 59% karonda juice + 50% guava juice (T2) of 7.18. (40)
• Adaptogenic Activity / Lanostane Triterpenoid / Fruit: Study evaluated the lanostane triterpenoid isolated from the ethanolic extract of fruit for adaptogenic activity in experimental mice. Screening was done using anoxia stress tolerance, swimming endurance, and cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppression model. Results demonstrated the extract and isolated compound showed significant adaptogenic activity. (41)
• Antinociceptive / Anthelmintic / Cytotoxic / Leaves: Study investigated a methanol extract of C. carandas leaves for phytochemical constituents, antinociceptive, anthelmintic, and cytotoxic activities in swiss albino mice. On acetic acid-induced writhing test, the extract showed significant analgesic activity. Fresh leaf juice showed potent anthelmintic activity against earthworm Pheretima posthuma. The extract displayed moderate cytotoxic activity by brine shrimp lethality assay compared with standard drug, vincristine sulphate. (see constituents above) (43)
• Antibacterial / Leaf and Fruit: Study evaluated various extracts of fresh leaf and fruit of Carissa carandas for antimicrobial activities by agar well diffusion method. The dichlormethane and toluene extracts of leaves showed better results against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia than other solvents. An ethyl acetate fruit extract showed better activity against all test strains. Qualitative screening for metabolites yielded alkaloid, glycosides, saponin, terpenoids, tannins, and steroids. (44)
• Antimicrobial / Synergism / Fruits: Study evaluated aqueous and ethanolic extract of leaves and fruits of three medicinal plants (Carissa carandas, Mentha arvensis, and Calendula officinalis) for antimicrobial activity against strains of three pathogenic bacteria viz., B. cereus, S. aureus, and E. coli. C. carandas fruits and M. arvensis ethanolic extract showed strong antimicrobial activity against E. coli. The ethanolic combination of Calendula:Carrisa:Mentha at 1:2:1 showed strong activity against B. cereus and fruit of C:C:M showed significant activity against S. aureus. Study showed the extracts and their combinations have significant effect on antibacterial activity. (45)
• Anti-Inflammatory / Roots: Study investigated the anti-inflammatory potential of extracts, fractions, and compounds from C. carandas roots. Bioassay guided fractionation yielded stigmasterol (1), lupeol (2), oleanolic acid (3), carissone (4), and scopoletin (5) as potential anti-inflammatory agents. Carissone (4) and scopoletin (5) exhibited significant inhibition of NO with IC 20.1 ± 2.69 µg/mL and IC50 24.6 ± 1.36 µg/mß., respectively. Compounds 4 and 5 inhibited TNF-a, IL-1ßm and NO. (46)
• Antioxidant / DNA Damage Inhibition: Study evaluated the antioxidant and DNA damage inhibition potential of a methanol extract of C. carandas leaves. The extract showed significant (p<0.05), dose-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity (MIC 73.1 µg/ml, dose dependent (p<0.05) increase in total antioxidant activity, significant (p<0.05) dose dependent H2O2 scavenging activity with IC50 84.0 µg/ml. Study also showed DNA damage inhibition potential which can be used for cancer prevention. (47)
• Antidiabetic / Alpha Amylase Inhibition / Anticancer: Study evaluated seven Indian tropical fruit residues for antidiabetic and anticancer activities. On alpha amylase inhibition, Carissa carandas showed best activity with IC50 of 29.66 mg/mL. On invitro cytotoxic activity against cervical cancer cell line (HeLa), breast cancer cells (MCF-7), and hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG-2), C. carandas and Litchi sinensis showed IC50s ranging from 56.72 to 89.24 µg/ml. (48)
• Antioxidant / Cytotoxic / Antineoplastic / Leaves: Study of a methanol extract of leaves showed antioxidant activity using DPPH and ABTS assays with IC50 of 10.5 ± 1.2 and 1.75 ± 0.3 µg/ml, respectively, comparable to L-ascorbic acid. On in-vitro cytotoxic study using colonic adenocarcinoma cell lines (SW-480 and SW-48), the extract showed dose-dependent activity. In vivo antineoplastic evaluation against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in viable EAC cell count. (49)
• Toxicology Study / Leaves: Study evaluated the phamacological and toxicological screening of ethnaol"water (1:1) extract of leaves of C. carandas (Auct.) and a polyherbal product used in the treatment of various cardiovascular disorders. Toxicological studies of the extract and drug on treated animals showed they are safe in acute treatments even at high dose of 5000 mg/kg, showing no mortality. The high dose was also used for subacute and chronic toxicity testing with no toxic effect except for some adverse effects on liver, spleen, and kidney. (50)
• Silver Nanoparticles / Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antibacterial / Leaves: Study reports on the biofabrication of silver nanoparticles using C. carandas leaves extract. the nanoparticles showed free radical scavenging activities against DPPH and ferric reducing antioxidant power. The NPs showed in vitro cytotoxicity against hepatic cell lines (HUH-7) and renal cell lines (HEK-293) and antibacterial activity against MRSA, Shigella sonnei, S. boydii, and Salmonella typhimurium. (51)

Availability
Wild-crafted.

Updated Feb 2019 / Nov 2016

IMAGE SOURCES Creative Commons Attribution / File:Carissa carandas flowers.JPG / Sakurai Midori / 1 July 2008 / click on phto to go to source page / Wikipedia
OTHER IMAGE SOURCES: Datei:Carissa carandas fruits.JPG / Eigenes Werk /Sakurai Midori / 1 July 2008 / Diese Datei ist unter der Creative Commons-Lizenz Namensnennung-Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 3.0 Unported lizenziert. / click on phto to go to source page / Wikipedia

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Carissa carandas / Wikipedia
(2)
Indian Medicinal Plants: An Illustrated Dictionary / C. P. Khare
(3)
Anticonvulsant Activity of Carissa carandas Linn. Root Extract in Experimental Mice
/ Karunakar Hegde, Shalin Thakker et al / Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, April 2009; 8 (2): pp 117-125
(4)
Hepatoprotective effect of Carissa carandas root extract against CCl4 and paracetamol-induced hepatic oxidative stress / Karunakar Hegde and Arun Joshi / Indian Journ of Experimental Biology, Vol 47, Aug 2009, pp 660-667
(5)
Anticancer study of Carissa carandas extracts / Shaida Fariza Sulaiman, Wong Soo Teng et al / School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang
(6)
Lignans and a Sesquiterpene Glucoside from Carissa carandas Stem / Ruchira Wangteeraprasert, Kittisak Likhitwitayawuld / Helvetica Chimica Acta, Volume 92, Issue 6, pages 1217–1223, June 2009 / DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200800443
(7)
Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Pergularia daemia and Carissa carandas / Bhaskar VH, Balakrishnan N / daemia / DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2009; (17)3: pp 168-174
(8)
Karaunda (Carissa Carandas Linn.) - As a Phytomedicine: A Review / N Balakrishnan, VH Bhaskar / THE PHARMA REVIEW (SEPTEMBER 2009)
(9)
What Herbs Decrease the Female Libido? / Jennifer Byrne
(10)
The antioxidant effect of C carandas unripe fruit extracts and fractions / Shaida Fariza Sulainman, Khoo Hsweow Shuang and Siti Rafiday Yusof /
(11)
Volatile Flavor Constituents of Karanda (Carissa carandas L.) Fruit / Pino, Jorge A, Marbot, Rolando, Vazquez, Carlos / Journal of Essential Oil Research / JEOR / Sep/Oct 2004
(12)
Triterpenoidal constituents of the leaves of Carissa carandas / Siddiqui BS, Ghani U, Ali ST, Usmani SB, Begum S./ Nat Prod Res. 2003 Jun;17(3):153-8.
(13)
Antidiabetic potential of unripe Carissa carandas Linn. fruit extract / Prakash R. Itankar, , Sarika J. Lokhande et al / Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 135, Issue 2, 17 May 2011, Pages 430–433
(14)
Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Carissa carandas Linn fruits and Microstylis wallichii Lindl Tubers
/
Alok Sharma*, G.D. Reddy, Atul Kaushik, K.Shanker, R.K. Tiwari, Alok Mukherjee, and Ch.V. Rao / Natural Product Sciences 13(1) : 6-10 (2007)
(15)
Anti-hyperlipidemic Activity of Carissa carandas (Auct.) Leaves Extract in Egg Yolk Induced Hyperlipidemic Rats / S Sumbul and S I Ahmed / 40 Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 2012; 8(1): pp 40-50
(16)
Carissa congesta / Common names / AgroForestryTree Database
(17)
Karanda / Common names / Flowers of India
(18)
Carissa carandas / Vernacular names / GLOBinMED
(19)
Pharmacodynamic study on acute hypotensive activities of Carissa carandas extract in normal rats / Shamim S, Ahmad SI. / Pak J Pharm Sci. 2012 Jul;25(3):577-82.
(20)
EFFECT OF AQUEOUS LEAVES EXTRACT OF CARISSA CARANDAS LINN. ON BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS OF NORMOGLYCEMIC & ALLOXAN-­INDUCED DIABETIC WISTER RATS / GAURAV SWAMI*, NAVNEET NAGPAL, SANDEEP RAHAR, SINGH PREETI , AMIT PORWAL, MANISHA A NAGPAL AND RENI KAPOOR / International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research Vol 2, Issue 3, 2010
(21)
Antidiabetic potential of unripe Carissa carandas Linn. fruit extract. / Itankar PR, Lokhande SJ, Verma PR, Arora SK, Sahu RA, Patil AT / Journal of Ethnopharmacology [2011, 135(2):430-433] / DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.03.036
(22)
Des-N-Methylnoracronycine from the roots of Carissa conjesta. Wight / S Ganapaty, Ch. Bharath, H Laatsch / International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 2010, Vol 4, No 3, pp 186-188
(23)
Carissa carandas / Synonyms / The Plant List
(24)
A REVIEW ON CARISSA CARANDAS PHYTOCHEMISTRY, ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY, AND MICROPROPAGATION AS CONSERVATION STRATEGY / Akansha Singh, Gursimran Kaur Uppal /  Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 8(3), January 2015
(25)
Pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of Carissa carandas in constipation and diarrhea / Mehmood MH, Anila N, Begum S, Syed SA, Siddiqui BS, Gilani AH / J Ethnopharmacol. 28 Apr 2014; 153(2): pp 359-367 / doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.02.024.
(26)
In vitro study of antibacterial activity of Carissa carandas leaf extracts / Tarun Agarwal*, Rachana Singh, Amar Deep Shukla and Imran Waris / Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 2012, 2 (1):36-40
(27)
Role of Dried Fruits of Carissa carandas as Anti-Inflammatory Agents and the Analysis of Phytochemical Constituents by GC-MS / N. Anupama, G. Madhumitha, and K. S. Rajesh / BioMed Research InternationalVolume 2014 (2014) http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/512369
(28)
Biological Investigations of the Leaf Extracts of Carissa Carandas / Yakut Bint-e-Sadek, Naiyyum Choudhury and Mohammad Shahriar / IJPRT, Vol.5 No.2 July-December 2013, pp. 97-105
(29)
Antioxidant Activity and Nutraceutical Property of the Fruits of an Ethno-Medicinal Plant: Carissa carandas L. found in Brahmaputra Valley Agro-Climatic Condition. / Aniruddha Sarma*, Pranjal Sarmah, Debaleena Kashyap, Snehashish Dutta and Mantu Mahanta / J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol., 2015; 7(2): pp 55-57
(30)
An In Vitro evaluation of the Anthelmintic activity of Unripe Fruits extract of Carissa carandas Linn / Chanchal Kumar Mishra*, D. Sasmal and B. Shrivastava / Drug Dev. & Res., October-December 2012; 4(4): pp 393-397.
(31)
Changes in phytonutrients and antioxidant properties of Cordia myxa and Carissa carandas fruit during ripening / Kachhwaha, P. & Gehlot, H.S. / Ind J Plant Physiol. (2015) 20: 72. / doi:10.1007/s40502-015-0138-7
(32)
Acute, Subacute and Subchronic Toxicological Studies of Carissa Carandas Leaves (Ethanol Extract): A Plant Active against Cardiovascular Diseases / Sumbul Shamim / Journal of the Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi 2014, Vol. 8 (3): 121-125
(33)
Assessment of acute anti-inflammatory effect of Carissa carandas leaf extracts in Wistar Albino Rats / Souvik Dutta, Samyak Chaudhury, Sanjib Bhattacharya*, Moulisha Biswas / Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Eduction & Research, Jan-Mar 2015, Vol 5, Issue 1
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PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF ROOTS OF CARRISA CARANDUS LINN. / Ashvin Godghate, Rajaram Sawant,* and Ashok Sutar / Rasayan J. Chem, Vol. 5, No.4, 456-459, October-December 2012
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ANTI ULCER ACTIVITY OF CARISSA CARANDAS USING ROOT EXTRACT IN ALBINO RATS / Ankit H Merai*, Anil G Jadhav / WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Vol 3, Issue 4, pp 1313--1326
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Bioactivity of crude extracts of Carissa carandas Linn. extracted in polar and non polar solvents / Meenakshi Fartyal*, Padma Kumar / International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology (IJESIT), Sept 2014; Volume 3, Issue 5
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HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF LEAVES EXTRACTS OF CARISSA CARANDAS LINN / Pooja Bhati, Ajay Shukla*, Maya Sharma, Pramod mourya. / IAJPR. 2014; 4(11): pp 5185-5192
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Ethnobotanical and Nutritional Evaluation of Some Edible Fruit Plants of Southern Odisha, India Sibangini Misra, Malaya K. Misra / International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology, Vol.3 Issue.1, March- 2016, pg. 1-30
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Antioxidant Activity and Nutraceutical Property of the Fruits of an Ethno-Medicinal Plant: Carissa carandas L. found in Brahmaputra Valley Agro-Climatic Condition. / Aniruddha Sarma*, Pranjal Sarmah, Debaleena Kashyap, Snehashish Dutta and Mantu Mahanta / J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 7(2), 2015, 55-57
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EFFECT OF BLENDING OF KARONDA (CARISSA CARANDAS L.) JUICE WITH GUAVA, PAPAYA AND PINEAPPLE JUICES ON ITS QUALITY AND ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION / SK. Shaheel, D. V. Swami*, B. Prasanna Kumar and K. Uma Krishna / PlantArchives, Vol.15, No.1, 2015: pp.187-192
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Adaptogenic activity of lanostane triterpenoid isolated from Carissa carandas fruit against physically and chemically challenged experimental mice / Muhammad Arif, Sheeba Fareed, Talib Hussain, Mohammad Ali / Pharmacognosy Journal, Sept-Oct 2013; 5(5): pp 216-220 / https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phcgj.2013.08.002
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Traditional Uses and Nutrient Status of Indian Native Plant Fruit (Carissa carandas Linn.) / Kaliyamoorthy Jayakumar and B. Muthuraman / World Scientific Journal, 2018; 96: pp 217-224
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Phytochemical screening, antinociceptive, anthelmintic and cytotoxicity studies of the leaves of Carissa carandas Linn. (Family: Apocynaceae) / Most. Nazma Parvin / International Journal of Scientific Reports, 2018; 4(5) / DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.IntJSciRep20181849
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Effect of Carissa carandas against Clinically Pathogenic bacterial strains / Shakti Verma and Hotam Singh Chaudhary / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2011; 4(10): pp 3769-3771
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In vitro assessment of antimicrobial potency and synergistic effects of three medicinal plants’ (Mentha arvensis, Carissa carandas and Calendula officinalis) extract against pathogenic bacteria / Bharti Singh, Deepmala Katiyar, Ragini Tilak, Ratan Kumar Srivastava / African Journal of Microbiology Research, Feb 2015; 9(5): pp 286-293 / https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2014.7057
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Activity-guided investigation of Carissa carandas (L.) roots for anti-inflammatory constituents / Sindhuja Galipalli, Neeraj K. Patel, , K. Prasanna and Kamlesh K. Bhutani / Natural Product Research, 2014 / http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2014.989846
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Antioxidant activity and DNA damage inhibition in vitro by a methanolic extract of Carissa carandas(Apocynaceae) leaves / Khushbu Verma, Divva Srivastava and Gaurav Kumar / Journal of Taibah Univerisity for Science, 2015; 9(1) / https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtusci.2014.07.001
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In-vitro cancer cell cytotoxicity and alpha amylase inhibition effect of seven tropical fruit residues / Priti Gupta, Ira Bhatnagar, Se-Kwon Kim, Ajay Kumar Verma, Anubhuti Sharma / Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 2014; 4(Suppl 2): S665-S671
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Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, and Antineoplastic Effects of Carissa carandas Linn. Leaves / Marina Khatun, M. Rowshanul Habib, M Ahasanur Rabbi et al / Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, 2017 / http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etp.2017.03.008
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STUDY ON PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY OF CARISSA CARANDAS (AUCT.) AND HERBAL PRODUCTS USED IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES / Shamim, Sumbul / Thesis / http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789//1468
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One-pot green synthesis and structural characterisation of silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaves extract of Carissa carandas: antioxidant, anticancer and antibacterial activities
/ Deepika Singh, Vikas Kumar, Ekta Yadav, Neha Falls, Manvendra Singh, Ujendra Komal, Amita Verma / IET Nanobiotechnology, 12(6) / DOI:   10.1049/iet-nbt.2017.0261 






 




 

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