|
 Botany
Kalumpang is a spreading tree
reaching a height of 20 meters or more. Leaves are crowded at the ends
of the branches, and digitately compound, with 7 to 9 leaflets. Leaves are smooth, leathery, entire, elliptic-lanceolate,
12 to 18 centimeters long, with pointed tip. Flowers are malodorous,
dull, yellowish to purplish, 2 to 2.5 centimeters in diameter, and borne on panicles at the axils of the leaves, appearing with new leaves. Fruit is
large, smooth, ovoid, red, nearly smooth, obovoid, about 10 centimeters long, containing 10 to 15 seeds, which are black and about 2 centimeters long.
Distribution
- From northern Luzon to Palawan and Mindanao, in most islands and provinces along the seashore and in semi-open forests at low and medium altitudes.
- Also reported from India to tropical East Africa through Malaya to northeastern Australia.
Constituents
- Kernels: Fixed oil, 51.78%;
protein, 21.61 %; starch 12.1 %; sugar, 5%; cellulose, 5.51%; ash 3%.
- From the leaves, study yielded two new flavonoid glycosides and a new phenylpropanoid glucose ester.
- Ethanol extract yielded flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids.
-
Study of leaf extracts yielded 46 compounds, including 36 flavonoids, 4 coumarins, 6 organic acids, and 3 sterides compounds.
- Study of leaves yielded 8 compounds: 5,7,8-tetrahydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone-8-O-beta-D-glucoside, 5,7,8-tetrahydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone-7-O-beta-D-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucoside, apigenin-6, 8-di-C-beta-D-glucoside, puerarin, 5,7,8,3'-tetrahydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone, 5,7,8-tetrahydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxyflavone, 5,7,8-tetrahydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone.  Properties
- Considered aperient, diuretic, and insect repellent.
- Bark and leaves considered aperient, diaphoretic, and diuretic.
- Kernels are flavored like cacao, but are not bitter, and used to adulterate cacao.
- Oil is bland, sweet, and yellow, with a high melting point.
- Oil is reported to resemble olive oil in its physiological properties, non-toxic, non-irritating, and administered to dogs acts like a mild laxative.
Parts used
Leaves, fruit.
Uses
Edibility / Culinary
- Fruit contains peanut-like oily kernels which are edible and more or less laxative when eaten raw.
- Kernels sometimes used to adulterate cacao.
- The oil resembles olive oil and may be useful for
culinary purposes.
Folkloric
- Decoction of bark used in the Philippines for dropsy and rheumatism; as aperient, diaphoretic, and diuretic.
-
Decoction
of leaves as wash for skin eruptions.
- Decoction of leaves used for difficult labor.
- Fruit contains oily kernels which are edible and laxative when raw.
- Decoction of fruit is mucilaginous and astringent.
- Paste of oil applied to pruritic conditions.
- Oil from seeds given internally for itching and skin diseases; also applied externally as a paste.
- In Java, decoction of fruit used for blennorrhagia
Others
- Wood: - Wood is soft to very soft, light to very light, with poor durability. Used for small
project constructions: i.e, boxes.
- Oil: Oil from kernels is used as an illuminant.
- Paint: Oil mixed with white earth is used as paint.
Studies
• CNS Depressant / Anti-Inflammatory: Pharmacological
studies on Sterculia foetida leaves: Extract of leaves on various
animal models showed CNS depressant activity and antiinflammatory activity observed as decreased exploratory activity in mice and potentiation of pentobarbitone sleeping time in normal and chronic pentobarbitione-treated mice. The extract also showed significant antiinflammatory activity in acute carrageenan-induced rat paw edema.
• Mitogenic Activity: Mitogenic Activity of Sterculic Acid,
a Cyclopropenoid Fatty Acid: Sterculic acid isolated from Sterculia
foetida oil was identified as one of the mitogenic principles.
• Gum / Controlled Release Excipient:
Sterculia foetida gum was studied as a hydrophilic matrix polymer for controlled release preparations. Results concluded it can be used as a controlled release matrix polymer.
• Gum / Ophthalmic Drug Delivery System: .Study of SF gum showed it could be good polymer candidate for the formulation of different ocular dosage forms like solution or viscous solution (drops), nanoparticles, nanosuspensions or suspension, micro or nano emulsion, lotion, gels, hydro gels, in-situ forming gels, ointment, inserts, films, minitablets, etc.
• Phytochemicals: Study yielded two new flavonoid glycosides and a new phenylporpanoid glucose ester from the leaves of Sterculia foetida.
• Fatty Acids: Study of the seed oil showed palmitic acid to be the dominant fatty acid, 52%, with 10% sterculic acid.
• Antimicrobial / Cytotoxicity / Phytochemical Screening: Study yielded tannins, 2-deoxysugars, leucoanthocyanin and benzopyrone nucleus. Results showed extracts with antibacterial activity, inhibiting S aureus and E coli. Antiprotozoal assay also showed inhibition of growth of Entamoeba histolytica. In an in situ cell death detection kit, it showed apoptotic-like changes.
• Toxic and Antifeedant Activities: Study of the seed crude extract showed S. foetida acted as insecticide to Asian armyworm, S. litura and as antifeedant to the semilooper, Achaea janata, indicationg a dual mode of action against the different pest larvae treated.
• Plant Oil / Anti-Obesity: Oil extracted from the seeds of the Sterculia foetida tree may reduce belly fat and help protect against obesity-related issues. The fatty acid content of sterculic oil may inhibit the action of an enzyme associated with insulin resistance, which may indirectly reduce belly fat. The data from rodent studies suggest a potential for developing a natural nutritional supplement.
Availability
Wild-crafted.
|
_fruits_W_IMG_8878.jpg){kind=link}
