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Family Fabaceae / Leguminosae
Panapanarahan
PAYANG-PAYANG
Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W.T. Aiton
WILD HOPS
Qiu sui qian jin ba

Scientific names   Common names  
Flemingia bracteata (Roxb.) Wight Adoteid (Ig.) 
Flemingia fruticulosa Benth. Gangan (S. L. Bis.)
Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W.T.Aiton Kaliakai (Chab.)
Hedysarum bracteatum Roxb.   Kolipes (Subanum)
Hedysarum strobiliferum L. Kopa-kopa (Pang.)
Moghania bracteata (Roxb) H.L.Li Kopkopeyes (Ilk.)
Moghania fruticulosa (Benth.) Mukerjee Kupau-kupau (Sbl.)
Moghania strobilifera (L.) J.St.-Hil. Pakayan (Pamp.)
Moghania strobilifera (L.) Kuntze Panapanalahan (Tag.)
Moghania strobilifera (L.) Jacks. Panapanarahan (Tag.)
Zornia strobilifera (L.) Pers. Paking (Tag.)
  Payang-payang na babae (Tag.)
  Payang-payang (Tag.)
  Piragan (Sul.)
  Tabang-bayawak (Tag.)
  Kidney bush (Engl.)
  Luck plant (Engl.)
  Wild hops (Engl.)
Payang-payang is a common names of three different plants, of different Genus. (1) Desmodium pulchellum Benth. - Gaan-gaan, kalaikai, payang-payang (2) Flemingia strobilifera Linn. - Gangan, kaliakai, kopa-kopa, paking, payang-payang, and (3) Ophiorrhiza camiguinensis Elm. - Payang-payang-gubat, kayotimokan, mongoose plant.
Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W.T.Aiton is an accepted name The Plant List

Other vernacular names
ASSAMESE:Makhiyati.
BANGLADESH: Mandipata, Ghorachabuk.
CHINESE: Da bao ye qian jin ba, Ban guan mu qian jin ba, Qui sui hua qian jin ba.
FRENCH: Sainfoin de Bengale.
GUJARATI: Poptyo.
INDIA: Kusrunt, Simbusak, Bundar, Kanaphuti, Adakkamaniyan.
MALAYALAM: Kanalam, Kumaanchedi, Kumalu.
MALAYSIA: Seringan, Meringan.
NEPALESE: Grop muja, Jyugar, Ghan mamarkha, Barkuali jhar, Ghans, Duware, Gahate, Miranche, Swata.
PALAUAN: Besungelaiei, Pesungel a iei.
SRI LANKA: Ham-pinna.
VIETNAMESE: Top mo bong tron, Duoi chon, Top mo co choi, Dau ma hoa non.

Botany
Panapanarahan is an erect, branched shrub, growing to a height of 0.5 to 2 meters. Leaves are simple, ovate to oblong, 6 to 14 centimeters in length, round at the base, pointed at the tip. Racemes are terminal, at the axils of the leaves, 5 to 15 centimeters long, composed of numerous, thin, rounded or kidney-shaped, folded, imbricated, green bracts, about 1.5 to 2.5 centimeters long, enclosing the fascicles or dwarfed cymes of small flowers. Rachis of the racemes are zigzag. Corolla is yellowish-green, with a tinge of purple, about 8 millimeters long. Pods are swollen, oblong, 1 centimeter long, containing 2 seeds.

Distribution
- Abundant throughout the Philippines in settled areas, in open, dry, waste places.

- Probably introduced.
- Also occurs in India to Malaya, Mauritius and the West Indies.

Constituents
- Phytochemical screening yielded alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, tannins, proteins and amino acids.
- Phytochemical screening of root and leaf showed phytosterols, lipids, phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, flavonoids and tannins.
- Study of methanol, butanol, and dichlormethane extracts of roots yielded flemingiaflavanone (8,3-diprenyl-5,7,4-trihydroxy flavanone), genistin (5,4-dihydroxy isoflavone 7-O-glucoside, and ß-sitosterol-D-glucoside. (see study below) (2)
- Yields flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides, chalcones, epoxychromenes and pterocarpans.
- A methanol extract of root and leaf of F. strobilifera showed the presence of 13.75 and 8.84 % w/w phenolics (calculated as gallic acid), 2.14 and 3.26 % w/w respectively. (see study below) (7)
- Study of roots yielded a new isoflavone identified as 5,7,4í-trihydroxy 8,2í,5í-tri(3-methylbut-2-enyl)isoflavone along with the known phytoconstituents viz., 5,7,2í,4í- tetrahydroxyisoflavone (2), 5,7,4í-trihydroxyisoflavone (3) and β-sitosterol (4). (see study below) (18)
- An 80% ethanolic leaf extract yielded 8 compounds viz., thiocyanic acid, ethyl ester (1), limonene (2). phenol,3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) (3), eicosane (4), heptacosane (5), hexanedioic acid, bis02-ethylhexyl) ester (6), hexacosane (7), and nonadecane (8). (see study below) (21)
- Petroleum ether extract of roots yielded fixed oils and fats; chloroform extracts yielded flavonoids, steroids, proteins, and fats; alcoholic root extracts yielded flavonoids and carbohydrates, and aqueous extract yielded tannins and carbohydrates. (see study below) (24)
· Study for total phenol and flavonoids contents in the leaf yielded 21.36 mg/g gallic acid equivalent, and 11.07 mg/g quercetin equivalent, respectively; roots yielded 29.68 mg/g GAE and 12.19 mg/g QE, respectively. (25)
· Study for phenol, flavonoid and total antioxidant capacity showed 24.53 ± 0.66 mg/g dry wt, 08.75 ± 2.62 µg/g dry wt, and 21.33 ± 0.08 %, respectively. (26)

Properties
- Studies have suggested antioxidant, antimicrobial, immune-regulatory, antiulcerogenic, anthelmintic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, cholesterol lowering, estrogenic, anticancer properties.


Parts utilized
Leaves, flowers, roots.

Uses
Folkloric
· Decoction or infusion of leaves and flowers used for tuberculosis.
· Subanen tribe of Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur use decoction of roots for tuberculosis and diabetes. Pounded leaves applied to areas of inflammation. (28)
· Decoction of leaves used for postpartum baths. (See:
Suob)
· In India, root paste applied externally to body swellings. Roots also used for epilepsy.
· In Malaya, decoction of leaves administered after childbirth and for bathing.
· Decoction of leaves used for rheumatism.
· In Java, decoction of leaves used internally and externally as vermifuge for children.
· In Bangladesh leaf juice used to treat worms. Marma tribe used the plant as fly repellent.
· In Nepal, Root juice (fresh roots crushed in cup of water by mortar and pestle) is taken twice daily for 7 days for diarrhea and dysentery.
source
· In Trinidad and Tobago, used for kidney stones and other urinary problems, gall stones, and for cooling.
· In India leaves and flowers used for tuberculosis. Roots used for hysteria, root juice for diarrhea and dysentery. (10)
· In Kerala, India, cut fresh leaves boiled in coconut oil till the green turns to black, allowed to cool and applied as medicated oil half an hour before baths for problems associated with body pains. (14)
· In Assam, India, used by different ethnic communities for various ailments including tuberculosis, epilepsy, diarrhea, dysentery, insomnia, hysteria, and rheumatism. (25)
as medicated oil half an hour before baths for problems associated with body pains. (14)
· In India, the Paraja tribe of Koraput, Odisha use the tuber paste orally for treatment of dysentery. (26)
Others
· In the Philippines, dried bracts used for stuffing pillows and cushions.
· In Bangladesh, plant used as fly repellent.


Studies
Antibacterial:
Out of twenty-five species of ethnomedicinal plants were screened for their antibacterial activity, 13, including F. strobilifera, showed positive response to at least one of the tested bacteria. F strobilifera showed positive response to two bacterial species. (1)
Antimicrobial / Flemingiaflavanone / Roots: The study of roots isolated flemingiaflavanone which showed significant antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria ( S epidermis, S aureus, MRSA), Gram-negative bacteria (P aeruginosa, E coli) and fungi (C albicans). (see constituents above) (2)

Isoflavone / Antibacterial / Antioxidant: Study yielded a new isoflavone from the roots of FS and was identified as 5,7,4í-trihydroxy 8,2í,5í-tri(3-methylbut-2-enyl)isoflavone along with other known phytoconstituents. The compounds were tested in vitro for antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activity and compounds (1-3) proved to be moderately active. (3)
Phagocyte Stimulation / Immune Regulation: Study showed F strobilifera as an herbal medicine that can stimulate phagocytosis and have a potential to enhance innate immunity medications. (4)
Anti-Ulcerogenic / Antimicrobial / Roots: Study showed pretreatments of a chloroform extract of F. strobilifera roots reduced the characteristic water immersion-induced stress ulcer lesions in female wistar rats. Free radical scavenging was observed. Antimicrobial activity of the CE was observed against both gram positive and negative bacteria. (5)
Anthelmintic / Leaves: Study evaluated various extracts of leaves of FS for anthelmintic activity. Results showed the alcohol and chloroform extracts to exhibit significant anthelmintic activity. Piperazine citrate was used as standard drug. (6)
Antioxidant / Roots and Leaves: Phytochemical screening showed high flavonols and phenolics. A methanolic extract of root and leaf showed a concentration dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity. A butanolic and DCM extract showed good nitric oxide radical inhibition activity with IC50 of 150.0 µg/ml in a dose dependent manner. A methanolic extract of root showed hydroxyl radical scavenging by p-NDA method with IC50 of 378.33 µg/ml. Results suggest FS as a potential source of natural antioxidant. (see constituents above) (7) Study of 80% methanol and aqueous extracts of F. strobilifera showed significant scavenging activity with low IC50s of 0.299 mg/mL and <0.25 mg/mL, respectively. The 80% methanolic leaf extract yielded 8 compounds. (see constituents above) (
21)
Analgesic: A methanol extract evaluated for analgesic activity in mice by tail flick latency in immersion method showed potent analgesic activity in all test doses. Acetylsalicylic acid was used as standard drug. (11)
Free Radical Scavenging Activity / Root and Leaf: Study evaluated various extracts of root and leaf for antioxidant activity. Using various assays, a methanolic extract showed antioxidant activity and suggests a potential source of natural antioxidants. (12)
Anti-Inflammatory Activity / Aerial Parts: Study evaluated methanol and hydroalcoholic extracts of aerial parts for anti-inflammatory effects in Swiss albino mice. Results showed potent anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma methods. (13)

Anticonvulsant / Roots: Study evaluated the anticonvulsant potential of 95% ethanol extract and fractions of roots against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and maximal electroshock (MES) induced convulsions. Results showed a crude ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of roots have a central nervous system depressant action, with a potential anticonvulsant effect. (15)
Cholesterol Lowering: Study evaluated the cholesterol lowering effect of various extracts of FS in albino mice. Results showed all treatments (leaf, root, and stem extracts) are capable of significantly reducing the blood cholesterol levels in mice. (16)
Isoflavonoids / Antimicrobial / Antioxidant / Roots: Study isolated a new isoflavonone from the roots, together with known constituents. Compounds 1-3 showed moderate antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. (see constituents above) (18)
Cytotoxicity / Human Leukemia Cell Line / Leaves: Study evaluated crude extracts of dried leaves of S. verticillata, F. pumila and F. strobilifera against MT-4 human leukemia cancer cell line. Crude extract of S. strobilifera showed cytotoxicity with an IC50 of 81 µg/ml. (19)
Flemingiaflavanone / Antimicrobial / Roots: Bioactive guided fractionation of roots yielded flemingiaflavanone, genistein and ß-sitosterol-D glucoside. Flemingiaflavanone showed significant antimcrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, S. epidermis, MRSA), gram-negative bacteria (P. aeruginosa, E. coli) and fungi (Candida albicans). Genistein showed moderate antibacterial activity. (
20)
Anti-Inflammatory / Anti-Arthritic / Leaves: Study evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity using and anti-arthritic activity of methanol extracts of Flemingia strobilifera and Nymphaea nouchali leaves. Both extracts showed significant anti-inflammatory activity using Human Red Blood Cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization testing and anti-arthritic activity using Bovine Serum Albumin. (
22)
• Anxiolytic / Roots: Study evaluated the antianxiety activity of aqueous extract of roots using elevated zero maze test and mirror chamber test on 24 Swiss albino mice. The extract showed significant anxiolytic activity at doses of 200mg and 400 mg/kbw. Flavonoids may be responsible for the anxiolytic effect. (23)
• Anti-Inflammatory / Analgesic / Roots: Study of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of roots of F. strobilifera showed significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, with indomethacin and dicofenac sodium as standard, respectively. (see constituents above) (24)
• Treatment of Gynecological Cancers and Menopausal Symptoms: This invention reports on the use of a composition containing Flemingia strobilifera extract or a compound as active ingredient for preventing or treating gynecological cancers and menopausal symptoms. Report suggests female hormonal substances from invention the can be utilized in the medicinal and functional food fields. (27)
• Estrogenic Effect / Phytoestrogens / ER-Targeted Therapy and Menopausal Symptoms: Study evaluated the F. strobiifera for estrogenic properties and phytoestrogens (PEs) using in vitro and in vivo assays. The extract and its compounds exhibited binding affinities for hERa and activated ERE transcription in MCF-7 cells. The extract and compounds also induced MCF-7 cell proliferation and trefoil factor 1 (pS2) expression. Results suggest the PEs derived from the extract are promising candidates for ER-targeted therapy for post-menopausal symptoms. (28)

Availability
Wild-crafted. 

Updated November 2018 / October 2016

Photos © Godofredo Stuart / StuartXchange

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
ETHNOMEDICINAL STUDY AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED PLANTS OF PALPA DISTRICT, NEPAL / R.B. Mahato and R.P. Chaudhary
(2)
A New Flavanone from Flemingia strobilifera (Linn) R. Br. and its Antimicrobial Activity / S Madan, G N Singh, Y Kumar et al / Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research • March 2008; 7 (1): 921-927
(3)
ISOFLAVONOIDS FROM FLEMINGIA STROBILIFERA (L) R. BR. ROOTS
/ Swati Madan, Singh G N, Kohil K, Ali M, Kumar Y, Singh R M, Prakash O /
Acta poloniae pharmaceutica 66:3 pg 297-303
(4)
Used rapid phagocytosis screening system to evaluate herbs in anti-inflammation and promote immunity effects / Hsieh, Chang-Chi China Medical University
(5)
Evaluation of anti-ulcerogenic properties from the root of Flemingia strobilifera
/ Anil Kumar KV, Babul Dewan and Rama T / Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy, February 2011; 2(1)
(6)
Anthelmintic Activity of Flemingia strobilifera (R.Br) / Anil Kumar, Jyotsna Dora, Kavita Gahlot and Rishikant Tripathi / International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Vol. 2 (3) Jul – Sep 2011
(7)
Phytochemical analysis and free-radical scavenging activity of Flemingia strobilifera (Linn) R. Br. / Swati Madan, Gyanendra Nath Singh, Yatendra Kumar, Kanchan Kohli / Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences
(8)
Flemingia strobilifera (L.) R. Br. (accepted name) / Chinese names / Catalogue of Life, China
(9)
Flemingia strobilifera / Vernacular names / GLOBinMED
(10)
Comparative morpho-anatomical and Preliminary Phytochemical studies of Flemingia strobilifera (L.) R.Br and Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Merr (Fabaceae) / Kavita Ghalot*, V.K. Lal, S.Jha / Int.J.PharmTech Res.2012,4(1)
(11)
ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF FLEMINGIA STROBILIFERA (R.Br / )
/ Anil Kumar٭, Kavita Gahlot, Jyotsna Dora and Pankaj Singh / INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY, 2011, 1(4)
(12)
Phytochemical analysis and free-radical scavenging activity of Flemingia strobilifera (Linn) R. Br. / Swati Madan*, Gyanendra Nath Singh, Yatendra Kumar, Kanchan Kohli / Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 1(4), Oct-Dec 2010
(13)
Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Activity of Flemingia strobilifera linn. Fabaceae / Mohd. A Tauqeer*, PR Itankar / Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 2009, Vol 2, No 4.
(14)
Medicinal plants used for treating body pain by the tribals in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala, India
/ Binu S / Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, July 2011; 10(3): pp 547-549
(15)
Anticonvulsant potential of ethanol extracts and their solvent partitioned fractions from Flemingia strobilifera root / Kavita Gahlot, Vijay Kumar Lal, and Shivesh Jha / Pharmacognosy Res. 2013 Oct-Dec; 5(4): pp 265–270 / doi: 10.4103/0974-8490.118825
(16)
Effect of Flemingia strobilifera Linn. (Payang-payang) extract on blood cholesterol levels of albino mice / Kate Lani Rae G Quevedo*, Hannah Rachel S Mia and Jonnacar / INT J CURR SCI 2015, 14: E 37-43
(17)
Flemingia strobilifera / Synonyms / The Plant List
(18)
ISOFLAVONOIDS FROM FLEMINGIA STROBILIFERA (L) R. BR. ROOTS / Swati Madan, Gyanendra Nath Singh, Kanchan Kohli, Mohammed Ali, Yatendra Kumar, Raman Mohan Singh and Om Prakash / Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica ñ Drug Research, Vol. 66 No. 3 pp. 297ñ303, 2009
(19)
Cytotoxic activity of selected West Indian medicinal plants against a human leukaemia cell line. / Ramcharan G, Clement YN, Maxwell AR. / West Indian Med J. 2010 Dec;59(6):597-601.
(20)
A New Flavanone from Flemingia strobilifera (Linn) R. Br. and its Antimicrobial Activity / S Madan*, GN Singh, Y Kumar, K Kohli, R M Singh, SR Mir and S Ahmad / Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, March 2008; 7 (1): 921-927
(21)
GC-MS analysis and evaluation of in vitro antioxidant potential and total phenolics content of wild hops (Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W. T. Aiton) / Jhoan Rhea L. Pizon et al / Int. J. Biosci. 2016, Vol 8, No 1
(22)
IN-VITRO COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI-ARTHRITIC EFFECTS OF FLEMINGIA STRICTA ROXB AND NYMPHAEA NOUCHALI LEAF / MD SHAHREAR BIOZID*, MD MASUDUR RAHMAN, MOHAMMAD NAZMUL ALAM, MOHAMMED AKTER SAYEED, AHMAD IBTEHAZ CHOWDHURY, MD FARUKa, MD JAINUL ABEDIN / International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 7, Issue 8 (2015)
(23)
Anxiolytic effect of root extract of amazing folklore herb Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W. T. Aiton in albino mice
/ Bidhan Mahajon, Rupashri Nath, Santosh Kumar Thakur, Remadevi, R., Ravi Shankar, B. / International Journal of Current Research
(24)
Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Flemingia strobilifera (Linn) / Anil Kumar, Kavita Gahlot, Jyotsana Dora, Rishikant Tripathi / Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, Jul-Sept 2011; 2(3): pp 541-546
(25)
Ethnobotanical Studies and Phytochemical Analysis of Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W.T.Aiton of Jorhat, Assam, India. / Internatonal Journal of Scientific Research and Review. 2018; 7(7): pp 556-565
(26)
Phytochemical analysis of medicinal plants used for treatment of dysentery and diarrhoea by the Paraja Tribe of Koraput, Odisha, India / Poly Tikadar, Sharat K Palita, and Debabrata Panda / International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 2017; 5(2): pp 1-4
(27)
COMPOSITION FOR PREVENTING OR TREATING GYNECOLOGICAL CANCERS AND MENOPAUSAL SYMPTOMS CONTAINING FLEMINGIA STROBILIFERA EXTRACT OR COMPOUND ISOLATED THEREFROM AS ACTIVE INGREDIENT
/ WO2017065515 / International Application No PCT/KR2016/011480 / Song, Yun-Seon; Chang, Min-Sun; Jeong, Si-Yeon et al
(28)
Estrogenic effects of phytoestrogens derived from Flemingia strobilifera in MCF-7 cells and immature rats. / Si-Yeon Jeong, Minsun Chang, Sang-Ho Choi, Sei-Ryang Oh et al / Arch Pharm Res, 24 May 2018; 41(5): pp 519-529 / DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12272-018-1027-1
(29)
Ethnobotany of Medicinal Plants Used by the Subanen Tribe of Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur / Jhoan Rhea L. Pizon, Olga M. Nuñeza, Mylene M. Uy, WTPSK Senarath / Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci., April 2016; 5(5): pp 53-67
(30)
Flemingia strobilifera / Antifertility Plants of the Pacific / R C Cambie, Richard Conrad Cambie, Alexandra Brewis / Google EBook

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