Gen info
- Cladogynos is a genus of shrubs in the family Euphorbiaceae. It was first described as a genus in 1841. It contains only one known species, Cladogynos orientalis. (2)

Botany
• Shrubs 0.5-2.5 m tall. Branchlets white stellate-tomentose. Stipules lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, base with 1 gland; petiole 1.5-5 cm, white tomentose; leaf blade ovate-elliptic or long ovate, 11-18 × 5-8 cm, thickly papery, abaxially white tomentose, adaxially glabrous, base auriculate-cordate or narrowly peltate, margin repand-dentate or coarsely serrate, apex shortly acuminate; palmate veins 5-7, lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs. Inflorescences ca. 2.5 cm, often once branched, tomentulose; peduncle ca. 1 cm, with 1 female flower and 1 or 2 male glomerules. Male flowers: calyx lobes 4, 1.5-2 mm, stellate pubescent; stamens 4; filament 2-3 mm; anthers ca. 0.5 mm; pistillode ca. 0.5 mm. Female flowers: pedicel ca. 1.3 cm; bracts 2, 1 leaflike, ca. 9 mm, 1 linear, ca. 4 mm, deciduous; sepals 6 or 7, linear, 6-13 × ca. 1 mm, tomentulose, margin sparsely glandular, persistent; ovary subglobose, tomentose; styles 3, ca. 7 mm. Capsule ca. 8 mm in diam., white tomentulose. Seeds ca. 5 mm in diam., marbled. Fl. and fr. Mar-Nov. (Flora of China)

• Shrub, to 3 m high. Leaves: petiole 27.5 cm long; blade ovate to elliptic, 6.5–16 by 2.5–6 cm, base subpeltate, obtuse to rounded, apex acute to acuminate, dark green above, densely white pubescent and floccose beneath. Inflorescences 1–2 long; peduncle 0.5–1 cm long. Flowers yellow-green to white. Staminate flowers in heads of 5–6.5 mm in diam.; sepals ca 1.5 mm long, hairy outside, base and inside glabrous; stamens 2–3 mm long, anthers yellow. Pistillate flowers: sepals 5–6 mm long. Fruits 10–11 by ca 6 mm, white woolly. (e-Flora of Thailand)

Distribution
- Native to the Philippines.
- Also native to Cambodia, China Southeast, Jawa, Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Maluku, Sulawesi, Thailand, Vietnam. (2)

Constituents
- Leaf ethanolic reflux extract (100g) contained the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of 7.21 µg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and 1.51 µg rutin equivalent (RE), respectively. Chromatographic data revealed rutin in the leaf extracts, and scopoletin and chettaphanin I in root and stem extracts. (see study below) (3)
- Study of methanolic extracts of aerial parts isolated 9 compounds: Two unusual aromatic diglycosides with galloyl substitution, 4″-O-galloyl-violutoside and 4″-O-galloyl-benzyl-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranoside, along with isovitexin, apigenin 6-C-(2″-O-galloyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside, apigenin 8-C-(2″-O-galloyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside, syringic acid β-d-glucopyranoside, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl β-d-glucopyranoside, (6S,9R)-roseoside, and violutioside.  (5)
- HPLC method was developed and validated for quantitative analysis of chettaphanin I in the root extracts and fractions of C. orientalis. The root ethanol extract contained higher amount of cehttaphanin I than the root decoction at 2.97% w/w and 1.82% w/w, respectively. (see study below) (7)
- Study of CHCl3 extract of roots isolated four new ent-halimane diterpenes (1-4) and one new guaiane sesquiterpene (5). (8)

Properties
- Studies have suggested antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-Hepatitis C virus, anti-Dengue virus properties.

Parts used
Leaves, roots, stems.

Uses
Edibility
- No reports on edibility.
Folkloric
- No reported folkloric medicinal use in the Philippines. (2)
- In traditional medicine, used for flatulence, stomachaches, and as tonic agent. Root formulation used to treat flatulence and colic.
- In Thailand, used for treatment of stomach aches and abdominal pains.

Studies
• Antioxidat / Antibacterial / Leaves, Roots, Stems: Study of evaluated the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of decoction and ethanolic reflux of different parts of Chettaphangki, including leaves, roots, and stems using DPPH scavenging assay and disc diffusion method. Leaf ethanolic reflux extract (100g) contained the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of 7.21 µg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and 1.51 µg rutin equivalent (RE), respectively. Extracts showed low antioxidant activity with EC50s in range of 0.27-0.48 µg/mL. Extracts and fractions of roots and stems showed low to intermediate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus intermedius with ZOI between 7 and 14 mm. Chromatographic data revealed rutin in the leaf extracts, and scopoletin and chettaphanin I in root and stem extracts. Rutin promoted strong antioxidant activity while chettaphanin I showed low antibacterial activity against S. intermedius. (3)
• Anti-Hepatitis C Virus Activity: Study of evaluated ethanolic and water extracts of various parts of C. orientalis for potential anti-hepatitis C virus activity by MTT assay and its molecular mode of action. The water extracts showed lower cytotoxicity than ethanolic extracts. All ethanolic extracts from roots, stems, and leaves exhibited higher anti-HCV activities than water extracts. No extracts showed pre-viral entry effect. At post-viral entry step, only ethanolic extracts inhibited NS5B expression. Mo extract inhibited HCV NS3 expression. Further studies were suggested to identify major active compounds that can be useful as alternative drug for HCV patients. (4)
• Anti-Dengue Virus Activity: Study a dichloromethane ethanol extract of C. orientalis for anti-Dengue activities against DENV-2 in Vero cells by MTT method. Results showed the ethanol extract at concentration of 12.5 µg/mL exhibited inhibitory activity on DENV-2 with 34.85%. At concentration of 100 µg/mL, C. orientalis exhibited an inactivated viral particle activity of 2.9%. (6)
• Chettaphanin I / Roots: Chettaphanin I is a compound mainly found in the roots of C. orientalis, which could be used as a marker for quality control of raw materials and root extracts of the plant. (see constituents above) (7)

Availability
- Wild-crafted.

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Cladogynos orientalis / KEW: Plants of the World Online
(2)
Cladogynos / Wikipedia
(3)
Antioxidant Activity and Antibacterial Effects on Clinical Isolated Streptococcus suis and Staphylococcus intermedius of Extracts from Several Parts of Cladogynos orientalis and Their Phytochemical Screenings / Pongtip Sithisarn, Piyanuch Rojsanga, Patchima Sithisarn, Sumet Kongkiatpaiboon /  Evid Based Complement Med., 2015: 908242 / DOI" 10.1155/2015/2015/908242
(4)
Cladogynos orientalis Zipp. extracts inhibit cell culture-derived hepatitis C virus genotype 2a replication in Huh-7 cells through NS5B inhibition / Piynoot Thongsri, Sa-ngiamsuntorn, Krit Thirapanmethee et al / Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine,  2019; 9(8): pp 346-352 / 
DOI: 10.4103/2221-1691/262079
(5)
Aromatic diglycosides from Cladogynos orientalis / Tripetch Kanchanapoom / Phytochemistry, 2007; 68(5): pp 692-696 / DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.10.027
(6)
Potential anti-dengue medicinal plants: a review /  SL Abd Kadir, H Yaakob, Mohamed Zulkifli / Journal of Natural Medicines, 2013; Volume 67: pp 677-689 / DOI: 10.1007/s11418-013-0767-y
(7)
Isolation and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of chettaphanin I in extracts from Cladogynos orientalis roots / Sumet Kongkiatpaiboon, Piyanuch Rojsanga, Pongtip Sithisarn / Agriculture and Natural Resources,
(8)
ent-Halimane Diterpenes and a Guaiane Sesquiterpene from Cladogynos orientalis / Mayuree Kanlayavattanakul, Nijsiri Ruangrungsi, Tsutomu Ishikawa et al / Journal of Natural Products, 2005; 68(1(: pp 7-10 / DOI: 10.1021/np049877s

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