Gen info
- Oldenlandia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae, pantropical in distribution with about 240 species.
- The genus was named by Linnaeus in 1753 in Species Plantarum.
- The genus name Oldenlandia honors the Danish botanist Henrik Bernard Oldenland (c, 1663-1697).
- Some botanists have not recognized Oldenlandia, and have placed some or all of the species in the broadly defined Hedyotis. More recently, a circumscription of Hedyotis no longer includes Oldenlandia.

Botany
• Pisek is an annual, smooth herb. Branches are somewhat angled, ascending, and up to 30 centimeters in length. Leaves are shortly stalked, oblong, oblong, elliptical to narrowly elliptical, up to 5 centimeters long. Cymes with 3 to 7 flowers occur in the upper axils, somewhat paniculate, and with slender pedicels. Calyx is green. Corolla is white and small. Capsules are cup-shaped or ovoid, about 3 millimeters long, crowned by four small calyx teeth.

• Stems: Erect, angled to subterete, glabrous. Leaves: Lamina elliptic-oblong, elliptic-ovate,vobovate or elliptic, 1−4 × 0.3 cm, apex obtuse or acute, base attenuate to obtuse, papery, glabrous, secondary veins obscure; subsessile or with petioles 2−10 mm long. Inflorescences: Terminal or in axils of uppermost leaves, cymose to compound-cymose, 2−many flowered, glabrous, pedunculate; bracts triangular to lanceolate, 0.5−3 mm. Flowers: Homostylous, subsessile or pedicels 0.5−1 mm long and slender; hypanthium ovoid or turbinate, 0.5−1 mm long, calyx lobes ovate-lanceolate or triangular, 0.5−1 mm long; corolla white. Seeds: Many, globose or subglobose, 0.3−0.5 mm, exotesta foveolate. (9)

Distribution
- Native to the Philippines.
- Common weed in waste places, cultivated soil, etc., at low and medium altitudes throughout the Philippines.
- Also native to Bangladesh, Cambodia, Caroline Is., China South-Central, China Southeast, East Himalaya, Fiji, Gilbert Is., Hainan, India, Jawa, Laccadive Is., Malaya, Maldives, Maluku, Marianas, Marshall Is., Myanmar, Nansei-shoto, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Is., Niue, Queensland, Samoa, Solomon Is., South China Sea, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Wallis-Futuna Is. (5)

Properties
- Considered a bitter tonic, febrifuge, anthelmintic, alterative, anti-dysenteric, anti-ulcer.
- Studies have shown cytotoxic, antiproliferative, antibacterial properties.

Parts used
Whole plant, leaves.

Uses
Folkloric
- In the Philippines, plant is pounded and applied to wounds.
- Used for fever and gastric ulcers.
- Decoction given internally for diarrhea and dysentery.
- In India, leaves used for remittent fevers, gastric irritation and nervous depression.
- In Hindi medicine, used in prescriptions for fever, diarrhea, skin diseases. Decoction of plant used in bilious fever, stomach irritability, and delirium.
- In Vietnam, used for treatment of snake bites.

Studies
• Furocoumarins / Cytotoxic Compounds: Study of methanol extract isolated three new 6-oxygenated 8,9-dihydrofurocoumarin-type compounds, hedyotiscones A, B and C, together with 7 known compounds. Compounds 1-3 showed marginal cytotoxicity against Hep G2 cells (human liver cancer cells). (2)
• Antibacterial / Leaves: Study evaluated various extracts of leaves of Oldenlandia biflora and Pegularia daemia for phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activities against Gram-positive (B. subtilis, S. aureus) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas epidermis, E. coli, S. dysenteriae and S. typhi) bacteria. Oldenlandia biflora extracts showed better activity than P. daemia extracts. The ethyl acetate extracts of both plants exhibited greater antibacterial activity compared to petroleum ether and aqueous extracts. (4)
• Novel Cyclotides / Bactericidal / Roots: Study of Hedyotis biflora roots isolated two novel cyclotides: hedyotide B10 (HB10) and HB11, besides known HB1 and HB9. Both cyclotides showed bactericidal activity on E. coli and Streptococcus salivarius. Results showed potent activity against Gram-negative bacteria and bacterial drug resistance. (6)
• Cytotoxic Cyclotides / Inhibition of Proliferation and Migration of Pancreatic Cancer Cells / Leaves and Roots: Recent studies yielded two cytotoxic cyclotides. In this study, another five novel cyclotides, hedyotides B5 (HB5) to HB9, were isolated from leaves and roots, along with known HB1 and HB2. In vitro MTT assay showed all the hedyotides exhibited significant cytotoxicity on four kinds of pancreatic cancer cell lines, especially HB7. HB7 inhibited the cell migration and invasion of capan2 cells. HB7 could significantly inhibit tumor weight and size compared to placebo control. (7)

Availability
- Wild-crafted.
- Plants in the cybermarket.

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Nat. Order. Rubiaceae. Oldenlandia Herbacea, Dc. Oldenlandia biflora. Roxb / Health and Healing / The Materia Medica Of The Hindus
(2)
New Cytotoxic 6-Oxygenated 8,9-Dihydrofurocoumarins, Hedyotiscone A-C, from Hedyotis biflora / Yung-Husan Chen, Fang-Rong Chang et al / Letter / Planta Med 2006;72:75-78
(3)
Hedyotis biflora / Catalogue of Life, China /
(4)
Antibacterial and Phytochemical Evaluation of Oldenlandia Biflora L. and Pergularia Daemia / N. Sridhar*, N. V. S. Pradeep Kumar, D. Sasidhar, A. Kiran Venkatesh, L. K. Kanthal / Int. J. Drug Dev. & Res., April-June 2012; 4(2): pp 148-152
(5)
Oldenlandia biflora / Synonyms / KEW: PLants of the World Online
(6)
Novel cyclotides from Hedyotis biflora has potent bactericidal activity against Gram-negative bacteria and E. coli drug resistance / Dongguo Wang, Jiayu Chen, Jianfeng Zhu, Yonghua Mou / Int J Clin Exp Med, 2016; 9(6): pp 9521-9526
(7)
Novel cyclotides from Hedyotis biflora inhibit proliferation and migration of pancreatic cancer cell in vitro and in vivo / Xiangmin Ding, Dousheng Bai, Jianjun Qian / Medicinal Chemistry Research, 2014; 23(3): pp 1406-1413 / DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0746-6
(8)
Oldenlandia / Wikipedia
(9)
Two flower mille graines / SOCFINDO CONSERVATION

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