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Family Celastraceae
Matang-ulang
Salacia chinensis L.
CHINESE SALACIA

Suo la mu

Scientific names Common names
Salacia chinensis L. Matang-ulang (Tag.)
Salacia prinoides (Willd.) DC. Ope (Ig.)
Tontelea prinoides Willd. Chinese salacia (Engl.)
  Lolly berry (Engl.)
  Lolly vine (Engl.)
  Snotty gobbles (Engl.)
Salacia chinensis L. is an accepted name. The Plant List

Other vernacular names
AYURVEDIC: Saptrangi.
CHINESE: Wu ceng long, Suo la mu.
MALAYALAM: Cherukoranti.
SRI-LANKAN: Heen-himbutu-wel, Kushan.
THAI: Khampangjed chan.

Botany
Matang-ulang is a small, erect or straggling tree or climbing, smooth shrub, reaching a height of 4 meters or more. Leaves are oblong, 8 to 16 centimeters long, margins entire or faintly and distantly toothed, and pointed at both ends. Flowers are borne in clusters in the axils of the leaves. Sepals are very small; petals are five and about 3.5 millimeters long. Fruit is ovoid or rounded, red, fleshy, about 1 centimeter in diameter, containing one seed.

Distribution
- In thickets and forests at low altitudes, often near the sea, in Zambales, Bataan, Batangas, Quezon, and Camarines Provinces in Luzon; and in Mindoro, Palawan, Biliran, Romblon, Leyte, Panay, Bucas Grande, Mindanao, and the Sulu Archipelago.
- Also occurs in India, through Malaya to tropical Australia.

- A threatened medicinal plant.

Constituents
- Study isolated sixteen compounds, including seven triterpenes ( lupeol, lupendiol, 30-hydorxylupenone, 3, 22-dioxo-29-normoretane, ursolid acid, beta-sitosterol, beta-daucosterol); four flavanoids (quercetin, quercet-in-3', 4'-dimethylether, Isorhamnetin, kaempferol-4'-methylether); three phenolic acids (gallic acid, ethyl gallate, egallic acid); two fatty series (hentriacontanol, hentriacontan-12-ol).
- Roots contain alkaloids, glycosides, polyphenols, flavanoids, coumarins, proteins, carbohydrates, gums and mucilage, fixed oil and volatile oil. Stem and roots are abundant in triterpenoids like lupanes, hopanes and friedelanes. (8)
- Root bark yields diketones, fatty matter, rubber, dulcitol, mangiferin, phlobatannin, and glycosidal tannins.

- Study of n-hexane extract of stems yielded a new triterpene, 28-hydroxy-3-oxo-30-lupanoic acid (1), a triterpene found for the first time as a natural product, 3-oxo-lupane-30-al (2), along with three known triterpenes, 29-nor-21α-H-hopane- 3,22-dione (3), 21α-H-hop-22(29)-ene-3β , 30-diol (4), and betulin (5). (29)
- Study of leaf extract yielded steroid, terpenoid, flavonoid, carbohydrates, coumarin, saponin, tannin, phenol, alkaloid. (30)

Properties
- Considered invigorating to the circulation.
- Roots considered astringent and abortifacient.
- Stud
ies have shown anti-diabetic properties.

Parts used
Stems, roots.

Uses

Folkloric
- Decoction of roots used for amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea.
- Considered abortifacient.
- Used in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine as an antidiabetic drug.
- In India, hot water extraction of the whole plant has been used orally as anti-diabetic; dried parts of the plant including the rootbark, also used for the same.
- Used as tonic, blood purifier, and for treatment of dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea.
- Root bark, decoction or boiled in oil, used for treatment of rheumatism, gonorrhea, itches, asthma and ear diseases.
- In traditional South and Southeast Asian herb medicine, used as antidiabetic agent.

Others
- Wood:
Mugs made from salacia wood used by people with diabetes to drink water.

Studies
Anti-Diabetic / Herbal Formulation:
(1) An herbal formulation of Salacia chinensis with an extract from Hippophae rhamnoides or Coccinia indica studied for the prevention of endothelial dysfunction and microvascular complications. In a study on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, Salacia chinensis showed better glucose lowering effect than S. oblonga. (2) Antidiabetic function has been attributed to
α
-glucosidase inhibitory activity.
Chemical Constituents: Studies yielded 16 compounds, including 7 triterpenes, four flavanoids, three phenolic acids. (1)
Anti-Hyperglycemic / Antioxidant / α-Glucosidase Inhibition / Salcinol: Study showed the methanolic extract from the stems of Salacia chinensis showed potent anti-hyperglycemic effects in oral sucrose or maltose-loaded rats, inhibitory effects on intestinal α-glucosidase, rat lens aldose reductase and radical scavenging activities. Study also isolated the α-glucosidase inhibitor, salacinol. (3)
Mangiferin Constituents / Anti-Mutagenic: Mangiferin was found to be non-mutagenic to five S. typhimurium tester strains. The ethanol extract showed a significant dose-dependent anti-mutagenic activity. Results suggest that triterpenoids might contain antioxidants which protect against mutagens. (4)
Triterpenes / Radical Scavenging Activity: Study of stems isolated two new friedelane-type triterpenes, salasones D and E, a new norfriedelane-type triterpene, salaquinone B, and a new polyacylated eudesmane-type sesquiterpenes. Some norfriedelane-type triterpene, lignan, and catechin constituents showed radical scavenging activity.
Triterpenoid / Diabetes Treatment: A novel h
ypoglycemically active triterpenoid compound was isolated from S. prinoides, useful for treating insulin-dependent type 1 and non-insulin diabetes type 2 diabetes. (6)
Toxicity Study / Reproductive Effect: Studies of SC extract showed no toxic effects on reproductive outcome, any parameters of reproductive function or survival, growth, sensory reflex or function development in Sprague-Dawley rats, even at a remarkably high dose level, 2000 mg/kg/day.
(7)
Nephroprotective Study / Diabetic Renal Disease: Study evaluated S. chinensis for effects on stabilization of renal functions and endothelial dysfunction in chronic diabetic kidney disease. Results show Salacia chinensis may retard the progression of chronic kidney disease. There was also a significant decline in markers of endothelial dysfunction (serum homocysteine and IL-6 levels). (9)
Antihyperlipidemic / Root Extracts: Study evaluated various extracts of S. chinensis root for anti-hyperlipidemic activity. The chloroform and alcoholic extract of roots showed significant antihyperlipidemic activity. (10)
Roots / Multiple Targets in Diabetes and Obesity: Recent pharmacological studies have demonstrated that Salacia roots modulate multiple targets (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha-mediated lipogenic gene transcription, angiotensin II/angiotensin II type 1 receptor, alpha-glucosidase, aldose reductase and pancreatic lipase) which may mainly contribute to Salacia root-induced improvement of type 2 diabetes and obesity-associated hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and related cardiovascular complications seen in humans and rodents and fulfill a multiple-target strategy in the prevention and treatment of diabetes and obesity. (11)
Mangiferin / Anti-Diabetic: Study evaluated the effect of mangiferin in STZ-induced diabetic rats. There was a significant decrease in blood glucose. Results showed the antidiabetic potential of mangiferin, mediated through the regulation of key carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities. (12)
Hypotensive / Stems: Study investigated an S. chinensis extract of dried stems for hypotensive activity in anesthetized female rats in estrus and for vasodilator activities on isolated thoracic aortic rings in vitro. Results showed a hypotensive effect. The vasodilation could be an indirect effect by stimulated release of nitric oxide from vascular endothelial cells. (13)
Cytotoxicity / Cancer Cell Lines / Triterpenoids: Study yielded two new triterpenoids, namely 7α,21α-dihydroxyfriedelane-3-one (1) and 7α,29-dihydroxyfriedelane- 3-one (2) together with a known triterpenoid 21α,30-dihydroxyfriedelane-3-one. Compound one showed good activity against four tested cancer cell lines Hep-G2, LU, KB, and MCF-7. (14)
Antimicrobial / Leaves: Study evaluated the antimicrobial effects of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Salacia chinensis against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. An ethanolic extract showed significant antimicrobial activity against S. epidermis, C. albicans and C. neoformans. An aqueous extract showed showed significant inhibition against S. epidermis and C. neoformans. (15)
Hypoglycemic / Post-Prandial Effect / Randomized Double-Blind Placebo Controlled: Study using a 1000 mg extract and placebo showed a lowering of post-prandial blood sugar after a carbohydrate-rich meal and can be used as an oral hypoglycemic agent. (16)
Immunomodulatory Effects / Leaves: Study evaluated the immunomodulatory effects of Salacia chinensis on Swiss albino rats fed concentrations of 1, 2, 4, and 32mg/kbw of aqueous extract. Various hematological, serological, and immunological parameters were measure at the end of the 14-day trial. At 1 mg/kbw, there was increased total leukocyte count, neutrophil percentage, blood glucose, hemoglobin, hemagglutination antibody titer against SRBC and delayed hypersensitivity reaction were increase. In contrast, higher concentrations reduced the immune response. Results showed the concentration of 1 mg/kg can boost the immune system while higher concentrations yielded a negative immune response. (18)
Natural Antidiabetic Potential / Alternative to Salacia reticulata: Salacia reticulata is widely used in traditional systems of medicine for the natural control of diabetes. However, obtained from the wild, there is limited supply. Study evaluated Salacia chinensis as an alternative natural antidiabetic, in various parameters of phenolic and flavonoid content, radical scavenging activity, brine shrimp toxicity. Results showed S. chinensis displayed positive results in all monitored parameters justifying its used as an alternative natural antidiabetic source, while easing the demands on S. reticulata. (19)
Potent Source for Antidiabetic and Antiobesity Herbal Drugs: Review reports on scientific developments on the potential of Salacia sps as a promising herbal drug. Salacia sps yield salacinol, katnanol, and mangiferin as active principles which inhibit α-glucosidase enzyme and slow down intestinal glucose absorption. Report also warns on the ruthless exploitation of Salacia sps which threatens its extinction. (20)
Free Radical Scavenging / Anti-Diabetic / Roots: Study evaluated the antioxidant property of a methanolic root extract of S. chinensis in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Results showed significant decrease in blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and increase in hemoglobin levels. Results showed free radical scavenging, with decreased levels of lipid peroxidant and hydroperoxides. (21)
Silver Nanoparticles / Antibacterial: Study reports on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Salacia chinensis plant extract. The synthesized nanoparticles were found to be effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (22)
Cardioprotective : Prior treatment with extract of Salacia chinensis reduced the extent of myocardial damage induced by isoproterenol and maintained the activity of marker enzymes at normal. The methanolic stem extract exhibited antioxidative and cardiotonic properties. (23)
• Antidiabetic Mechanisms: S. chinensis has been reported to have antidiabetic function through a-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Active constituents affect multiple targets in diabetes, obesity, and associated cardiovascular diseases through modulation of PPAR-a-mediated lipogenic gene transcription and angiotensin 11/angiotensin II type 1 receptor, inhibition of a-glucosidase, aldose reductase, and pancreatic lipase. (24)
• Improvement of Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Response / Clinical Trial: A placebo controlled, randomized crossover design study evaluated 35 healthy subjects assigned different doses of Salacia chinensis extract (200, 300, and 400 mg SCE) capsules and compared with placebo. AUC insulin significantly lowered after ingestion of SCE. No significant adverse events were observed. SCE markedly decreased digestion and absorption of sucrose by inhibition of sucrase and reduced increased in blood glucose and insulin without adverse effects. Results suggest SCE may be a safe and effective supplement for controlling healthy blood glucose and insulin levels. (25)
• Antidiabetic Property of Different Plant Parts / Roots, Stems, and Seeds: The compound salicinol along with related compounds is increasingly used in the treatment of diabetes, which led to widespread over-harvesting of Salacia roots. The demand for the extract has caused a population decline of over 50%. Study assessed the antidiabetic activity of alternative plant parts i.e., stems, seeds, and leaves and evaluated the a-glucosidase inhibition activity of extracts using parameters of plant part, age of plant, and effective solvent system. Promising a-glucosidase enzyme inhibition results were obtained from crude extracts of stems and seeds. Highest inhibition levels demonstrated by aqueous extracts of roots and stems were 80.43±1.14% (IC50 22.17 µg/ml) and 81.2±0.41 (IC50 22.23 µg/ml), respectively. Results suggest stems and seeds can be used as alternative to roots. (26)
• Herb-Drug Interaction: Moderate interaction: Salacia might decrease blood sugar and taking salacia with diabetic medications may cause the sugar to go too low. (27)
• Comparative Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Properties of Different Plant Parts: Roots of S. chinensis showed highest content of phenolics, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins and saponins (64.4 mg gallic acid equivalent / g dried weight (DW), 106 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/g DW, 43.5 mg CE/g DW and 799.9 mg escin equivalent/g DW, respectively), followed by stem and leaf. On four antioxidant assays (ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and CUPRAC), the root showed highest antioxidant capacity, followed by stem and leaf. (28)
• Antibacterial / Leaves: Study evaluated seven species of Salacia, including S. chinenesis, for phytochemical content and antibacterial activity. Flavonoid, steroid, saponins, tannins and alkaloids were present in all the species. All the species showed maximum inhibitory activity against Bacillus cereus than E. coli. (30)
• Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibition / Effect on Post-Prandial Glycemia / Clinical Trial: Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are used as antidiabetic to slow carbohydrate absorption. This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study evaluated the4 effect of Salacia chinesis for alpha glucosidase inhibitory property and effect on post prandial glycemia. Study showed SC lowered postprandial serum glycemic indices in overweight/obese participants. (31)
• Modulation of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism: Study evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of SC extract and modulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in in vitro and in vivo models. Salacia chinensis showed significant inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. SCE demonstrated significant inhibitory effect against pancreatic lipase, compared to orlistat. In vitro results suggest SCE modulated gastrointestinal and lipid digestion and absorption, and has potential for obesity/diabetes prevention and phytotherapy. In vivo animal study results suggest inhibition of fat absorption which slows weight gain and reduces effects of metabolic risk factors. (32) SCE may modulate glucose and lipid metabolism by regulation of glucose transporters and NF-kB and Nrf2 pathway. (33)
• CARBS (Carbohydrate, Appetite Reduction, Blood Sugar and Satiety) Study: Researchers at Rutgers University observed that a proprietary salacia extract demonstrated appetite reduction, satiety, and blood sugar management benefits. In a double blind, randomized, placebo controlled 3-way cross-over study, use of Salacia chinensis proprietary extract (from OmniLeam) resulted in reduced glycemic indices and changes in gut peptide hormones after meals in healthy overweight/obese individuals, reducing blood sugar spikes and significantly affecting appetite and satiety. Results suggest potential benefit for persons at risk for diabetes including overweight/obese patients. (34)
• Mangiferin / Prevents Oxidative Stress / Protects Pancreatic ß-Cells: Study evaluated the protective effects of mangiferin against pancreatic ß-cell damage and on the antioxidant defense systems in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Oral administration of mangiferin from S. chinensis and glibenclamide to diabetic rats significantly decreased the level of blood glucose and increased levels of insulin. Mangferin also significantly modulated the pancreatic nonenzymatic antioxidant status (vitamin C. vitamin E, ceruloplasmin, and reduced GSH content) and other oxidative stress biomarkers. Histoarchitecture of diabetic rats showed degenerated pancreas with lower ß-cell count. Electron microscopoy showed damaged nuclear envelop and mitochondria. Mangiferin nearly normalized pancreatic architecture. The protective effects in diabetes via decreased oxidative stress and prevention of ß-cell damage were attributed to its antioxidative properties. (36)
• Antioxidant / Antidiabetic / Stem: Aqueous stem extract of S. chinensis showed significant DPPH radical scavenging activity and dose-dependent increase in inhibitory effect on α-amylase enzyme (up to 87.30%) and α-glucosidase enzyme (up to 78.30%) compared to standard drug acarbose (74.03% and 81.60%, respectively). (37)
• Character Association / Fruit Yield and Fruit Traits: Seed length, plant height, and seed diameter showed positive and high direct effects on fruit yield per plant, while seed weight, fruit length, and leaf length had high negative direct effects on fruit yield per plant. Based on correlation and path analysis, the traits viz., plant height, plant spread, fruit diameter, fruit weight, seed diameter, seed length and seed weight can be considered as selection indices for high yield. (38)
• Invention / Herbal Formulation for Management of Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Micro-Vascular Complications: A novel herbal formulation for the prevention of endothelial dysfunction and diabetic microvascular complications comprised of Salacia chinensis and at least one other active constituent selected from Coccinia indica and Hippophae rhamnoides and additives in trace amounts. (39)
• Antidiabetogenic Components from Salacia Species: In studies on antidiabetogenic compounds from natural medicines and medicinal foodstuffs, extracts from roots and stems of Salacia reticulata, S. oblongata, S. chinensis showed substantial inhibitory effects on increase in serum glucose levels in oral sucrose- and maltose-loaded rats and inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase. Bioassay-guided study using α-glucosidase inhibitory activities isolated α-glucosidase inhibitors salicinol and kotalanol, along with several known phenolic compounds, new sesquiterpenes (salasols A and B) and triterpenes (kotalagenin 16-acetate, salasones A-E, salaquinones A and B). (40)
• Amelioration of Glucose Metabolism / Improves Bone Strength: Study evaluated the effect of S. chinensis extract on inhibition of formation of advanced glycation end products (AGE) in a rat model of STZ-induced diabetes. While oral SCE did not ameliorate diabetic-induced decrease in body weight, it ameliorated the increase in glycoalbumin levels in diabetic rats. SCE ameliorated the decreased femur strength and accumulation of N-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) which were increased by induction of diabetes. SCE also significantly ameliorated diabetes-induced increase in glycoalbumin and decrease serum in serum creatinine level and body weight. The ameliorative effects were attributed to improved glucose uptake by various organs. (41)

Availability
- Wild-crafted.
- Herbal products in the cybermarket.


Updated June 2019 / August 2016

IMAGE SOURCE: / Photo / Salacia chinensis L. / © NParks Flora & Fauna Web / Photographer: Ang Wee Foong / Non-Commercial use / click on image to go to source page / Flora & Fauna Web
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Public Domain / Salacia prinoides Blanco1.86b-original.png / Flora de Filipinas / 1880 - 1883 / Francisco Manuel Blanco (O.S.A) / Wikimedia Commons

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Studies on chemical constituents of Salacia prinoides / Gao X H, Xie N, Feng F /
Zhong Yao Cai. 2008 Sep;31(9):1348-51.
(2)
Herbal Formulation for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Micro-Vascular Complications / Free Patents On Line
(3)
Biological Activities of Salacia chinensis Originating in Thailand: The Quality Evaluation Guided by α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity / Yoshikawa Masayuki, Pongpiriyadacha Yutana et al / Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan 123(10), 871-880, 2003-10-01
(4)
Genotoxicity Studies of Magiferin Isolated from Salacia chinensis Linn / Yuvaraj Govindaraj, Vijayalakshimi Melanaphuru et al / Academic Journal of Plant Sciences 2 (3): 199-204, 2009
(5)
Triterpenoid compound for the treatment of diabetes / Free Patents On Line
(6)
Triterpenoid compound for the treatment of diabetes / Inventors: Inman; Wayne D. (Belmont, CA), Reed; Michael John (Menlo Park, CA) / Appl. No.: 08/633,396 / Filed: April 16, 1996
(7)
Effects of Salacia chinensis extract on reproductive outcome in rats / Yang Jihong, Luo Shaozhong, Song Jingfeng et al / Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2011; 49(1)
: pp 57-60 / DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.09.031
(8)
Phytopharmacological aspects of Salacia chinensis / U. A. Deokate and S. S. Khadabadi / Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, Jan 2012; 4(1): pp 1-5 / DOI: 10.5897/JPP11.006
(9)
Nephroprotective role of salacia chinensis in diabetic CKD patients: a pilot study.
/ Singh RG, Rathore SS, Kumar R; Usha, Agarwal A, Dubey GP. / Indian J Med Sci. 2010 Aug;64(8):378-84. / doi: 10.4103/0019-5359.100341.
(10)
Antihyperlipidemic activity of Salacia chinensis root extracts in triton-induced and atherogenic diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats / Mukesh S. Sikarwar and M. B. Patil / Indian Journal of Pharmacology, Jan-Fe 2012; 44(1): pp 88-92 / DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.91875
(11)
Salacia root, a unique Ayurvedic medicine, meets multiple targets in diabetes and obesity / Yuhao Li, Tom Hsun-Wei Huang, Johji Yamahara / Life Sciences, Vol 82, Nos 21–22, 23 May 2008, pp 1045–1049
(12)
Effect of mangiferin isolated from Salacia chinensis regulates the kidney carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats / Periyar Selvam Sellamuthu, Palanisamy Arulselvan, Balu Periamallipatti Muniappan and Murugesan Kandasamy / Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine (2012)S1583-S1587
(13)
Hypotensive Effect of n-butanol Extract from Stem of Salacia chinensis in Rats / C Jansakul, N Jusapalo, S. Mahattandaul / Acta Hort. 678, ISHS 2005: pp 107-114 / https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2005.678.14
(14)
Study on chemical constituents and cytotoxic activities of salacia chinensis growing in vietnam / Minh T.T.; Anh N.T.H.; Thang V.D.; Sung T.V. / 2010, Volume 65, Issue 10, Page 1284-1288 /tainguyenso.vnu.edu.vn
(15)
Antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Salacia chinensis Linn. against human pathogens / Moorthy kannaiyan.* Virgin Nisha Manuel. Vinodhini Raja. Punitha Thambidurai. Suresh Mickymaray. and Thajuddin Nooruddin. / Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease (2012)S416-S420
(16)
Effect of NR-Salacia on post-prandial hyperglycemia: A randomized double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in healthy volunteers. / Koteshwar P, Raveendra KR, Allan JJ, Goudar KS, Venkateshwarlu K, Agarwal A. / Pharmacognosy Magazine, 2013, Vol 9, No 36, pp 344-349.
(17)
Salacia chinensis / Synonyms / The Plant List
(18)
Studies on immunomodulatory effects of Salacia chinensis L. on albino rats / Sumalatha, Rama Bhat P, Shwetha R. Ballal and Sadananda Acharya / Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, Sept 2012; 2(9): pp 98-107 \ / DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2012.2920
(19)
Natural Antidiabetic Potential of Salacia chinensis L. (Celastraceae) Based on Morphological, Phytochemical, Physico-chemical and Bioactivity: A Promising Alternative for Salacia reticulata Thw
/
Keeragalaarachchi K.A.G.P.1, R.M. Dharmadasa1,, Wijesekara R.G.S.2, Enoka P Kudavidanage / World Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2016, pp 49-55. / doi: 10.12691/wjar-4-2-3
(20)
Salacia Sps – A Potent Source of Herbal Drug for Antidiabetic and Antiobesity Ailments : A Detailed Treatise / Ramakrishna D, Shashank .A.T, Shinomol George. K, Kiran.S, and Ravishankar. G.A / International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research
(21)
Free radical scavenging activity of Salacia chinensis root extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats /
Periyar Selvam S, Balu P M, Kamalraj S, Raja V, Murugesan K / Bioresearch Bulletiin, May 1, 2014, Vol 4; Issue 1
(22)
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Salacia chinensis: Characterization and its Antibacterial Activity / Kiran Jadhav, Dinesh Dhamecha, Bhagyashree Dalvi & Mrityunjaya Patil* / Particulate Science and Technology: An International Journal, Vol 33, Issue 5, 2015 / DOI:10.1080/02726351.2014.1003628
(23)
Protective Nature of Salacia Chinensis on Isoproterenol Induced Myocardial Infarction in Wistar Albino Rats / Thilagavathi Thiruganasambandam* / Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., Jan-Feb 2016; 36(2) Art 09: pp 47-51
(24)
Phytopharmacological aspects of Salacia chinensis / Uday Arvind Deokate, Somashekhar Khadabadi / Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, Jan 2012;  4(1) / DOI: 10.5897/JPP11.006
(25)
Salacia Extract Improves Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Response: A Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Crossover Study in Healthy Volunteers /Shankaranarayanan Jeykodi, Jayant Deshpande. and Vijaya Juturu / J Diabetes Res., 2016 / doi: 10.1155/2016/7971831 / PMCID: PMC5075619 / PMID: 27803937
(26)
Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Property of Extracts of Different Plant Parts of Salacia chinensis Linn. / Ankur Patwardhan, Makarand Pimputkar, and Radhika Joshi / Biodivers Biopros Dev 1:107. / doi:10.4172/2376-0214.1000107
(27)
Drug Interactons / WebMD
(28)
Phytochemical and Antioxidant Properties from Different Parts of Salacia chinensis L. / Thanh Van Ngo, Christopher James Scarlett, Michael Christian Bowyer and Quan Van Vuong / Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature, 2017; 7(5) / https://doi.org/10.1080/22311866.2017.1383186
(29)
Study on Chemical Constituents of Salacia chinensis L. Collected in Vietnam / Tran Thi Minha,  Nguyen Thi Hoang Anh, Vu Dao Thanga, Tran Van Sung / Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B, A Journal of Chemical Sciences, 2014 /  DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/znb-2008-1211
(30)
Investigation of Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Selected Species of Salacia / G. Priya, M. Gopalakrishnan, E. Rajesh, T. Sekar / International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), Jan 2019; Volume 7, Issue I
(31)
A double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of Salacia Chinensis, with alpha-glucosidase inhibitor properties, on post-prandial glycemia. / Lihong Hao, Krista Fieselmann, Stephen Schneider, Yvette Schlussel and Sue Shapses / The FASEB Journal, April 2017
(32)
Salacia chinensis extract (SCE) modulates carbohydrates and lipid metabolism: in vitro and in vivo models / Vijaya Juturu,  Khadija Ghanam, Vandita Srivastava, Jayant Deshpande / Endocrinology & Metabolism International Journal, 2016; 3(6): pp 178-185 / DOI: 10.15406/emij.2016.03.00071
(33)
Abstract 18413: Salacia Chinensis and Metabolic Risk Factors: in vivo Model / Vijaya Juturu. Kazim Sahin, Cemal Orhan, Mehmet Tuzcu, Fusun Erten, and Nurhan Sahin / Circulation. 2017; 136:A18413
(34)
New 'carbs study' shows salacia extract helps curb appetite and manage blood sugar / OMNIACTIVE HEALTH TECHNOLOGIES / Nutrients JOURNAL / Public Release, 30 Aug 2017
(35)
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI DIABETIC POTENTIALS OF SALACIA SPECIES / SAVARIRAJ SAHAYAM C, BRINDHA P, AND LOGAMANIAN M / International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2014; Vol 6, Suppl 1
(36)
Mangiferin from Salacia chinensis Prevents Oxidative Stress and Protects Pancreatic β-Cells in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats / Periyar Selvam Sellamuthu, Palanisamy Arulselvan, Balu Periarmallipatti Muniappan, Sharida Fakurazi, and Murugesan Kandasamy / Journal of Medicinal Food, 2013; 16(8) / https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2012.2480
(37)
Antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity of Salacia chinensis stem extract / Shahira Banu, D.A., Dr. Karpagam, S. and Dr. Janarthanam, B. / International Journal of Current Research
(38)
Character association for fruit yield and yield traits in Salacia chinensis L.: A threatened medicinal plant / Rajasekharan PE / Indian Society of Plant Breeders (ISPB), 2018; 9(3)
(39)
Herbal Formulation for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Micro-Vascular Complications / Govind Prasad Dubey, Aruna Agarwal. Neers Vyas, Victor G Rajamanickam / US20090214678A1 United States
(40)
Antidiabetogenic constituents from Salacia species / Matsuda Hisashi, Yoshikawa Masayuki,, Morikawa Toshio, Tanabe Genzoh, Muraoka Osamu / Journal of traditional medicines, 2005; 22(Suppl.1): pp 145-153
(41)
Salacia chinensis L. extract ameliorates abnormal glucose metabolism and improves the bone strength and accumulation of AGEs in type 1 diabetic rats  / Jun-ichi Shirakawa,  Shoutaro Arakawa, Tomoya Tagawa,  Kentaroh Gotoh, Norihisa Oikawa, , et al / Food & Function, 2016; 7: pp 2508-2515 / DOI:10.1039/C5FO01618E

It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page.

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